A chess tournament is a series of chess Chess is a board game played between two players. It is played on a chessboard, which is a square-checkered board with 64 squares arranged in an eight-by-eight grid. At the start, each player controls sixteen pieces: one king, one queen, two rooks, two knights, two bishops, and eight pawns. The object of the game is to checkmate the opponent's games played competitively to determine a winning individual or team. Since the first international chess tournament in London, 1851, chess tournaments have become the standard form of chess competition among serious players.

Today, the most recognized chess tournaments for individual competition include the Linares chess tournament and the Corus chess tournament. The largest team chess tournament is the Chess Olympiad The Chess Olympiad is a biennial chess tournament in which teams from all over the world compete against each other. The event is organised by FIDE, which selects the host nation, in which players compete for their country's team in the same fashion as the Olympic Games The Olympic Games are a major international event featuring summer and winter sports, in which thousands of athletes participate in a variety of competitions. The Games are currently held every two years in even-numbered years, with Summer and Winter Olympic Games alternating, although they occur every four years within their respective seasonal. Since the 1950s, chess computers Computer chess is computer architecture encompassing hardware and software capable of playing chess autonomously without human guidance. Computer chess occurs as solo entertainment , as aids to chess analysis, for computer chess competitions, and as research to provide insights into human cognition have even begun entering the tournament scene.

Most chess tournaments are organized and ruled according to the World Chess Federation (FIDE) handbook, which states many guidelines and regulations to conduct tournaments by. Chess tournaments are mainly held in either round-robin style A round-robin tournament or all-play-all tournament is a type of tournament "in which each contestant meets all other contestants in turn". In a single round-robin schedule, each participant plays every other participant once. If each participant plays all others twice, this is frequently called a double round-robin. The term is rarely, Swiss system style or elimination style A single-elimination tournament, also called a knockout, cup or sudden death tournament, is a type of elimination tournament where the loser of each match is immediately eliminated from winning the championship or first prize in the event to determine a winning party.

A large youth chess tournament in Spain Spain (pronounced /ˈspeɪn/ spayn; Spanish: España, pronounced [esˈpaɲa] ( listen)), officially the Kingdom of Spain (Spanish: Reino de España), is a country and member state of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula.[note 6] Its mainland is bordered to the south and east by the Mediterranean Sea except for

Contents

History

Adolf Anderssen

Although modern chess Chess is a board game played between two players. It is played on a chessboard, which is a square-checkered board with 64 squares arranged in an eight-by-eight grid. At the start, each player controls sixteen pieces: one king, one queen, two rooks, two knights, two bishops, and eight pawns. The object of the game is to checkmate the opponent's had been established since around 1475, the first tournament (in the sense of structured competitions) was in Leeds in 1841.[1] There was a knockout tournament in London in 1849 and a tournament in Amsterdam in 1851.[2][3] The first international Something international mostly means that it involves more than one nation (country). The term international as a word means involvement of, interaction between or encompassing more than one nation, or generally reaching beyond national boundaries. For example, international law, which is applied by more than one country over the world, and chess tournament was held in London in 1851.[1][4] The London 1851 tournament took place during The Great Exhibition The Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of all Nations or The Great Exhibition, sometimes referred to as the Crystal Palace Exhibition in reference to the temporary structure in which it was held, was an international exhibition that took place in Hyde Park, London, England, from 1 May to 15 October 1851. It was the first in a series of, and would serve as a guide for future international chess tournaments that would follow it. The tournament not only showed the need for time controls but it also clearly demonstrated the drawbacks to the knockout elimination tournament format.[5] It was won by Adolf Anderssen of Germany A region named Germania, inhabited by several Germanic peoples, has been known and documented before AD 100. Beginning in the 10th century, German territories formed a central part of the Holy Roman Empire, which lasted until 1806. During the 16th century, northern Germany became the centre of the Protestant Reformation. As a modern nation-state,, who became regarded as the world's best chess player as a result.[6][7]

The number of international chess tournaments increased rapidly afterwards. By the end of the 1850s, chess tournaments had been held in Berlin Berlin (English pronunciation: /bɜrˈlɪn/; German pronunciation: [bɛɐ̯ˈliːn] ) is the capital city and one of 16 states of Germany. With a population of 3.4 million people, Berlin is Germany's largest city. It is the second most populous city proper and the eighth most populous urban area in the European Union. Located in northeastern, Paris Paris ([paʁi] in French, pronounced /ˈpærɪs/ in English) is the capital and largest city of France. It is situated on the river Seine, in northern France, at the heart of the Île-de-France region (or Paris Region, French: Région parisienne). The city of Paris, within its administrative limits largely unchanged since 1860, has an estimated, Manchester Manchester (pronounced /ˈmæntʃɛstə/ ) is a city and metropolitan borough of Greater Manchester, England. In 2008, the population of the city was estimated to be 464,200, making it the seventh-most populous local authority district in England. Manchester lies within one of the UK's largest metropolitan areas; the metropolitan county of Greater, New York New York City, which is geographically the largest city in the state and most populous in the United States, is known for its history as a gateway for immigration to the United States and its status as a financial, cultural, transportation, and manufacturing center. According to the U.S. Department of Commerce, it is also a destination of choice, San Francisco San Francisco, officially the City and County of San Francisco, is the fourth most populous city in California and the 12th most populous city in the United States, with a 2008 estimated population of 808,977. The only consolidated city-county in California, it encompasses a land area of 46.7 square miles on the northern end of the San Francisco, Birmingham Birmingham (pronounced /ˈbɜːmɪŋəm/ , BUR-ming-əm, locally /ˈbɝːmɪŋɡəm/ BIIR-ming-gəm) is a city and metropolitan borough in the West Midlands county of England. It is the most populous British city outside London with a population of 1,016,800 (2008 estimate), and lies at the heart of the West Midlands conurbation, the United, and Vienna Vienna is the capital of the Republic of Austria and one of the nine states of Austria. Vienna is Austria's primary city, with a population of about 1.7 million (2.3 million within the metropolitan area,[citation needed] more than 25% of Austria's population), and is by far the largest city in Austria, as well as its cultural, economic, and.[8][9][10] By the end of World War II Albania · Australia · Austria · Azerbaijan · Belarus · Belgium · Brazil · Bulgaria · Burma · Cambodia · Canada · Ceylon (Sri Lanka) · Channel Islands · China · Czechoslovakia · Denmark · Dutch East Indies · Egypt · Estonia · Finland · France · Germany · Gibraltar · Greece · Greenland · Hong Kong · Hungary · Iceland · there were 24 international chess tournaments per year, and by 1990 there were well over a thousand.[11]

Chess Olympiads

Main article: Chess Olympiad The Chess Olympiad is a biennial chess tournament in which teams from all over the world compete against each other. The event is organised by FIDE, which selects the host nation
Chess Olympiad tournament hall, Torino 2006.

An attempt was made in 1924 The 1924 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the VIII Olympiad, were an international multi-sport event which was celebrated in 1924 in Paris, France. The home city of Pierre de Coubertin, founder of the modern games, was selected over bids of Amsterdam, Los Angeles, Rio de Janeiro and Rome, though Paris had also hosted the 1900 to include chess in the Olympic Games The Olympic Games are a major international event featuring summer and winter sports, in which thousands of athletes participate in a variety of competitions. The Games are currently held every two years in even-numbered years, with Summer and Winter Olympic Games alternating, although they occur every four years within their respective seasonal. However, because it was very difficult to distinguish between amateur and professional chess players, the event was called off.[12] While the 1924 Summer Olympics The 1924 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the VIII Olympiad, were an international multi-sport event which was celebrated in 1924 in Paris, France. The home city of Pierre de Coubertin, founder of the modern games, was selected over bids of Amsterdam, Los Angeles, Rio de Janeiro and Rome, though Paris had also hosted the 1900 was taking place in Paris, the 1st unofficial Chess Olympiad took place separately from the Olympics, but also in Paris. The Fédération Internationale des Échecs (FIDE) was formed on the closing day of the first unofficial Chess Olympiad.[13] FIDE organized the first official Chess Olympiad in 1927 in which there were 16 participating countries.[12] By the 29th Chess Olympiad in 1990, there were 127 member countries.[11] The Chess Olympiads were held at irregular intervals by FIDE until 1950; since then, they have been held regularly every two years.[12]

Growth of Chess Olympiads
There were 16 participating nations in the 1st Chess Olympiad, 1927. By the 37th Chess Olympiad, 2006, there were 133 participating nations.

Computers in chess tournaments

Main article: Computer chess Computer chess is computer architecture encompassing hardware and software capable of playing chess autonomously without human guidance. Computer chess occurs as solo entertainment , as aids to chess analysis, for computer chess competitions, and as research to provide insights into human cognition
A pressure-sensory chess computer with an LCD A liquid crystal display is a thin, flat electronic visual display that uses the light modulating properties of liquid crystals (LCs). LCs do not emit light directly screen from the 1990s

The first chess engine (a chess playing computer program A computer program is a sequence of instructions written to perform a specified task for a computer. A computer requires programs to function, typically executing the program's instructions in a central processor. The program has an executable form that the computer can use directly to execute the instructions. The same program in its human-) to beat a person in tournament play was the Mac Hack Six, in 1967.[14] Soon after, tournaments were created just for chess computers. In 1970, the first North American Computer Chess Championship (NACCC) was held in New York City New York is the most populous city in the United States, and the center of the New York metropolitan area, which is one of the most populous metropolitan areas in the world. A leading global city, New York exerts a powerful influence over global commerce, finance, media, culture, art, fashion, research, education, and entertainment. As host of the, and in 1974, the first World Computer Chess Championship (WCCC) was held in Stockholm Stockholm (Swedish pronunciation: [ˈstɔkːɔlm] ) is the capital and the largest city of Sweden. It is the site of the national Swedish government, the Riksdag (parliament), and the official residence of the Swedish monarch as well as the prime minister. Since 1980, the monarch has resided at Drottningholm Palace outside of Stockholm and uses. Kaissa, a chess program of the Soviet Union The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was a constitutionally socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. The name is a translation of the Russian: Союз Советских Социалистических Республик (help·info), tr. Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik, IPA [sɐˈjʊs sɐˈvʲeʦkʲɪx səʦɪ was named the world's first computer chess Computer chess is computer architecture encompassing hardware and software capable of playing chess autonomously without human guidance. Computer chess occurs as solo entertainment , as aids to chess analysis, for computer chess competitions, and as research to provide insights into human cognition champion.[15][16] In 1995, the first World Computer Speed Chess Championship was held in Paderborn, Germany for blitz chess. Top commercial programs such as Shredder or Fritz have even surpassed world champion The World Chess Championship is played to determine the World Champion in the board game chess. Both men and women are eligible to contest this title players at short time controls. On September 26, 2008, Swedish Chess Computer Association ranked Deep Rybka 3 as the best chess engine in the world with an Elo rating The Elo rating system is a method for calculating the relative skill levels of players in two-player games such as chess and Go. It is named after its creator Arpad Elo, a Hungarian-born American physics professor of 3238.[17]

Rules

Main article: Rules of chess

FIDE tournaments are held according to the FIDE handbook rules, which is used as a basic guide for many chess tournaments. The handbook contains nine articles dealing with chess competitions.[18]

A typical analog chess clock. Note the two separate timers.

The chess clock

A chess clock A game clock consists of two adjacent clocks and buttons to stop one clock while starting the other, such that the two component clocks never run simultaneously. Game clocks are used in two-player games where the players move in turn. The purpose is to keep track of the total time each player takes for his or her own moves, and ensure that neither is a clock with two separate time displays of which only one display can be running at a time. The player with the black pieces will initiate their opponent's timer at the start of the game. Thus the player with the white pieces will have their timer running first, and will make the first move. The player or the arbiter may end the game at any time after the player's opponent has oversteped their time limit. If a timed out clock remains unnoticed, the game will continue as normal. If the game needs to be interrupted, the arbiter shall stop the clock.

Irregularities

If it is found that the starting position of the pieces is incorrect, the game must be cancelled and restarted. If it is found that an illegal move has been made, the game must return to the position directly before the irregularity. For the first two illegal moves by a player, the arbiter shall give two minutes extra time to his opponent each time. If a player is to make a third illegal move in the same game, the arbiter can declare the game lost by the offending player. If a game begins with the piece colors reversed, the game should be stopped and restarted unless an arbiter rules otherwise. If a player displaces any pieces, they should place them in the correct locations on their own time.

A chess score sheet of a famous match.

The recording of moves

In games with long time controls, each player is required to record all moves of the game in algebraic chess notation. However, if a player reaches less than five minutes on their clock, and does not have a time delay A game clock consists of two adjacent clocks and buttons to stop one clock while starting the other, such that the two component clocks never run simultaneously. Game clocks are used in two-player games where the players move in turn. The purpose is to keep track of the total time each player takes for his or her own moves, and ensure that neither of thirty seconds or more, they are excused from recording the remaining game moves until the game has been completed. At the conclusion of the game, both players must sign each other's scoresheets and turn them to the event organizers if instructed to do so. In fast chess games, players are not required to record moves, as it would take away from important thinking time. The scoresheets must be visible to the arbiter at all times. Each player must be familiar with the following chess abbreviations:[19]

Symbol Meaning
= Draw offer In chess, a draw by agreement is the outcome of a game due to the agreement of both players to a draw. A player may offer a draw to his opponent at any stage of a game; if the opponent accepts, the game is a draw. The relevant portion of the FIDE laws of chess is article 9.1. The vast majority of drawn chess games at the amateur club/tournament
0-0 Kingside castling
0-0-0 Queenside castling
x Capture
+ check
# or ++ Checkmate Checkmate is a situation in chess (and in other boardgames of the chaturanga family) in which one player's king is threatened with capture (in check) and there is no way to meet that threat. Or, simply put, the king is under direct attack and cannot avoid being captured. Delivering checkmate is the ultimate goal in chess: a player who is
e.p. Capture by "en passant" En passant is a move in the board game of chess. En passant is a special capture made immediately after a player moves a pawn two squares forward from its starting position, and an opposing pawn could have captured it if it had moved only one square forward. In this situation, the opposing pawn may capture the pawn as if taking it "as it

The drawn game

See also: Draw (chess)

A player must make their own move before offering a draw In chess, a draw by agreement is the outcome of a game due to the agreement of both players to a draw. A player may offer a draw to his opponent at any stage of a game; if the opponent accepts, the game is a draw. The relevant portion of the FIDE laws of chess is article 9.1. The vast majority of drawn chess games at the amateur club/tournament, and must not stop their own clock and start their opponent's clock before they have made the offer. No conditions may be attached to a draw offer. If a player claims a draw according to the rules of chess, the player is allowed to stop both clocks and record the draw claim as long as his or her opponent agrees to the claim.[20] If the opponent disputes the draw claim the director may be called to come to a conclusion. If the claim is found to be correct, the game is drawn. Once a player has made a move from a position eligible for a draw, they lose their rights to claim a draw on that position.[21][22]

Quickplay finish

The quickplay finish is the phase of the game when all remaining moves must be made in a limited time. If a player has two minutes or less left on their clock, they may ask the arbiter to adjudicate a draw. The arbiter must decide if the player's opponent is making any attempt to win the game by normal means, or if the position can be won in any way. If the arbiter decides against a draw, the player's opponent will be awarded two extra minutes of time. Otherwise, the game is drawn, and the decision of the arbiter is final.

Scoring

Symbol Score
1–0 White wins
0–1 Black wins
½–½ Drawn game

Players are granted one point (1) for a win, a half (½) point for a draw, and no points for a loss toward their tournament score, unless otherwise stated by the tournament director beforehand. Full-point byes are received when a player is excluded from a round because of an extra player. Thus, in tournaments with an odd number of players, a different player will receive a full-point each round. A full-point bye is equal in points to a normal win. Half-point byes can be requested by a player who will be unavailable for a round. If accepted, the player will receive a half-point, as if they had drawn the game.[23] A player who wins by forfeit or default will also be granted one point. Players may use the following format to record the game score:

Player conduct

Players are not allowed to take any action that will bring the game into disrepute. For example, deliberate attempts at cheating by sneaking a captured piece back on to the board can be punished by this rule, rather than the rules dealing with illegal moves.[24]

Players can not make any use of any outside information. This includes advice, notes, and analysis of another chess board. Electronic devices Electronics is that branch of science and technology which makes use of the controlled motion of electrons through different media and vacuum. The ability to control electron flow is usually applied to information handling or device control. Electronics is distinct from electrical science and technology, which deals with the generation, are not to be used in the tournament area unless approved by the arbiter. If a player's mobile phone A mobile phone is an electronic device used for full duplex two-way radio telecommunications over a cellular network of base stations known as cell sites. Mobile phones differ from cordless telephones, which only offer telephone service within limited range through a single base station attached to a fixed land line, for example within a home or rings during play, they may immediately forfeit the game. Chess scoresheets may be used for recording matters relevant to the game. Players should not distract or annoy their competitor in any way. Once a player has finished their game, they are considered a spectator. Refusal of a player to comply with the rules may result in penalty. If two opponents both refuse to obey the rules, the game may be considered lost by both players. In 1976, smoking Smoking is a practice in which a substance, most commonly tobacco or cannabis, is burned and the smoke tasted or inhaled. This is primarily practised as a route of administration for recreational drug use, as combustion releases the active substances in drugs such as nicotine and makes them available for absorption through the lungs. It can also was banned in the first major tournament (the National Open, Las Vegas Las Vegas ; is the most populous city in Nevada, the seat of Clark County, and an internationally renowned major resort city for gambling, shopping and fine dining. Las Vegas, which bills itself as The Entertainment Capital of the World, is famous for the number of casino resorts and associated entertainment. A growing retirement and family city,).[25]

The role of the arbiter

The arbiter's job is to see that the Laws of Chess are observed and make decisions in the best interest of the competition, but must not interfere with the game otherwise. If a rule is broken, the arbiter may choose from a number of penalties including the following:

The arbiter may also expel offending spectators from the venue. Spectators are also forbidden to use mobile phones at any time in the playing area, and may be expelled for it. Member federations are allowed to ask FIDE The Fédération Internationale des Échecs or World Chess Federation is an international organization that connects the various national chess federations around the world and acts as the governing body of international chess competition. It is usually referred to as FIDE , its French acronym authorities to give an official decision about problems relating to the Laws of Chess.

Formats

Most chess tournaments are held in either round-robin style, Swiss system style or single-elimination style.

Systems

Round-robin

In round-robin tournaments A round-robin tournament or all-play-all tournament is a type of tournament "in which each contestant meets all other contestants in turn". In a single round-robin schedule, each participant plays every other participant once. If each participant plays all others twice, this is frequently called a double round-robin. The term is rarely, each participant plays every other participant an equal number of times.[26] Round-robin tournaments involving four participants are known as quads. Round-robin tournaments are often used for small groups because the element of luck is reduced when every player plays everyone else.[27] Rating categories are sometimes used to separate players of different levels into different round-robin groups. The World Chess Federation, the Australian Chess Federation, and the United States Chess Federation all use different categorization scales to distinguish player ability.[28] Similar to the Round-robin style is the Scheveningen system.[29] The Scheveningen system is often used to face two chess teams against each other, where each player on one team plays each player on the other team.[21][30]

Swiss system

A tournaments that has too many participants for a round robin is commonly conducted as a Swiss system tournament.[31] In the Swiss style, players are paired with opponents who have done equally well.[32] For example, players with six points will play other players with six points (if possible), so that the player with the most points at the end of the tournament is the winner.[32] Pairing players for Swiss system tournaments is often quite complicated, so tournament organizers commonly use a computer A computer is a programmable machine that receives input, stores and manipulates data//information, and provides output in a useful format to pair players.

A 16 player single-elimination tournament bracket

Elimination

Single-elimination style A single-elimination tournament, also called a knockout, cup or sudden death tournament, is a type of elimination tournament where the loser of each match is immediately eliminated from winning the championship or first prize in the event or knock-out style are also sometimes used for chess tournaments. In fact, the first international chess tournament was held in single-elimination style.[33] In single-elimination tournaments, the loser of a game is immediately eliminated from winning the first prize.[34][35] In most single-elimination chess tournaments there is a backdraw for players to compete for positions other than first. Players are normally given seeds based on their rating in order to prevent the highest ranked players from facing each other early in the competition. Double-elimination tournaments and triple-elimination tournaments work in the same way as single-elimination tournaments except that a player loses eligibility to take first prize after two or three losses, respectively.[36]

Handicap inclusivity

The physically handicapped are often welcomed to compete in chess tournaments. Although the Blind Chess Olympiad is the most significant chess event for the blind Blindness is the condition of lacking visual perception due to physiological or neurological factors and visually impaired Visual impairment is vision loss (of a person) to such a degree as to qualify as a handicap through a significant limitation of visual capability resulting from either disease, trauma, or congenital or degenerative conditions that cannot be corrected by conventional means, such as refractive correction, medication, or surgery. This functional loss, the visually handicap can participate at most standard tournaments, even internationally.[37][38] In some cases, specially designed chess boards with raised squares and pegs are used to aid the visually handicapped, while a tournament assistant can be used to help players with other physical handicaps.[39]

Tournament categories

FIDE The Fédération Internationale des Échecs or World Chess Federation is an international organization that connects the various national chess federations around the world and acts as the governing body of international chess competition. It is usually referred to as FIDE , its French acronym classifies tournaments according to the average Elo rating of the participants. The starting category for master-level tournaments is category I, which applies to a tournament whose participants have an average Elo rating from 2251 to 2275. From 2276 to 2300 it is a category II tournament, and so on with a further category every 25 points. The strongest tournaments to date have included a category XXI section.[40][41]

Cat. ELO Range
I 2251–2275
II 2276-2300
III 2301-2325
IV 2326-2350
V 2351-2375
VI 2376-2400
VII 2401-2425
Cat. ELO Range
VIII 2426-2450
IX 2451-2475
X 2476-2500
XI 2501-2525
XII 2526-2550
XIII 2551-2575
XIV 2576-2600
Cat. ELO Range
XV 2601-2625
XVI 2626-2650
XVII 2651-2675
XVIII 2676-2700
XIX 2701-2725
XX 2726-2750
XXI 2751-2775

Time controls

See also: Time control

A time control is a mechanism in tournament play that allows each round of the match to finish in a timely fashion so that the tournament can proceed. The three main types of time controls used in chess tournaments are blitz, standard, and compensation.

Blitz

In blitz chess (also known as sudden death chess) each player starts with a fixed amount of time to spend on their moves of the game.[42] The FIDE Handbook designates the following common blitz time controls:[43]

Blitz time controls increase the odds that one would "lose on time", meaning a forfeiture of the game due to the expiration of one's chess clock. Blitz tournaments are often documented with the notation "G/5" of "G/15", meaning "game in 5" and "game in 15", respectively.[42]

Standard

Standard time controls (STC) are one's in which a player has a set amount of time to complete a specified number of moves. If the specified number of moves is met, the player's time will rejuvenate. The first standard time controls, introduced in 1861, were 24 moves in two hours, with the average game lasting five hours.[44] In the mid-1980s, a new format, 40 moves in two hours, proved popular because few games lasted over 60 moves.[44]

Compensation

Compensation (also known as incremental or delay) time control methods require the use a special clock, called a delay clock. There are two main forms which provide compensation for both the time lost in physically making a move and to make it such that a player can avoid having an ever-decreasing amount of time remaining.

Prizes

The winners of chess tournaments are often rewarded with monetary prizes. Often, the chess tournament draws its prizes from a prize fund, from which all the winners in each section are rewarded from. For example, the 2008 World Open chess tournament had a prize fund of $400,000. The winner of the open section was rewarded $30,000, while the winners of lesser sections were awarded subsequently smaller amounts.[46] Other chess tournaments, such as the World Chess Championship, also reward the winners with a title, such as the "World Chess Champion".[47] Lesser tournaments sometimes replace monetary rewards with book prizes or trophies.[48]

See also

Chess portal
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Chess competitions

References

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  2. ^ http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/winter52.html#5865 note 5869
  3. ^ http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/#5870 note 5874
  4. ^ Byrne, Robert. "Chess", The New York Times, January 14, 1997. Accessed July 21, 2008. "Indeed, it was not until the International Tournament of 1851, held at the Crystal Palace of the London Exhibition, that tournament play entered the chess scene."
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  6. ^ Hooper, David; Whyld, Kenneth (1992), The Oxford Companion to Chess (second ed.), Oxford University Press, p. 15, ISBN 0-19-866164-9
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  11. ^ a b A History of chess Retrieved August 31, 2008
  12. ^ a b c Brace, Edward R. (1977), An Illustrated Dictionary of Chess, Hamlyn Publishing Group, p. 64, ISBN 1-55521-394-4
  13. ^ FIDE History by Bill Wall. Retrieved 2 November 2008.
  14. ^ Greenblatt, Richard D., Eastlake, Donald E. III, and Crocker, Stephen D. (1 April 1969). "The Greenblatt Chess Program (AIM-174)". Massachusetts Institute of Technology. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/6176. Retrieved 2006-12-27.
  15. ^ Results of the WMCCC and WCCC from the ICGA Retrieved November 9, 2008
  16. ^ Е.Я. Гик (1983). Шахматы и математика. Наука, Москва. http://ilib.mirror1.mccme.ru/djvu/bib-kvant/chess.htm. (in Russian)
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  19. ^ FIDE chess notation rules Retrieved September 27, 2008
  20. ^ A player is not at any time required to stop the chess clocks when claiming a draw.
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  22. ^ *Schiller, Eric (2003), Official Rules of Chess (second ed.), Cardoza, ISBN 978-1-58042-092-1
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  25. ^ Firsts in Chess by Bill Wall Retrieved August 29, 2009
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  27. ^ Hooper, David; Whyld, Kenneth (1992), The Oxford Companion to Chess (second ed.), Oxford University Press, pp. 12–13, ISBN 0-19-866164-9
  28. ^ Chess categories Retrieved September 28, 2008
  29. ^ Round-robin tournaments and the Scheveningen system Retrieved November 2, 2008
  30. ^ Hooper, David; Whyld, Kenneth (1992), The Oxford Companion to Chess (second ed.), Oxford University Press, p. 356, ISBN 0-19-866164-9
  31. ^ Hooper, David; Whyld, Kenneth (1992), The Oxford Companion to Chess (second ed.), Oxford University Press, p. 404, ISBN 0-19-866164-9
  32. ^ a b Just, Tim; Burg, Daniel (2003). U.S. Chess Federation's Official Rules of Chess. McKay. pp. 130–31. ISBN 0-8129-3559-4.
  33. ^ Howard Staunton. The Chess Tournament. Hardinge Simpole. ISBN 1843820897. This can be viewed online at or downloaded as PDF from "Google books: The Chess Tournament, by Howard Staunton". http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=_SUCAAAAYAAJ&pg=PR24&dq=1851+london+tournament+book+staunton&lr=#PPR10,M1. Retrieved 2008-11-02.
  34. ^ Elimination tournament at thefreedictionary.com Retrieved November 2, 2008
  35. ^ Definition of elimination tournament from onlinedictionary.com Retrieved November 2, 2008
  36. ^ Single and double elimination tournaments from britannica.com Retrieved November 2, 2008
  37. ^ XIII Olympiad for Blind or Visually Impaired Players Retrieved August 29, 2009
  38. ^ Blind chess player to compete at the World Individual Championships Retrieved August 29, 2008
  39. ^ FIDE Handbook: E.II. Handicapped Players Retrieved August 29, 2009
  40. ^ "Linares R7: Kasparov leads at half-time". ChessBase.com. 2005-02-03. http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=2233. Retrieved 2009-10-29.
  41. ^ "Chess records: Tournament records". Chessdom. http://fun.chessdom.com/chess-records. Retrieved 2009-10-29.
  42. ^ a b Duif's Guide to Time Controls Retrieved January 25, 2009
  43. ^ "FIDE Handbook – E.I.01B. Appendices". World Chess Federation. http://www.fide.com/component/handbook/?id=125&view=article. Retrieved January 25, 2009. "B1. A rapidplay game is one where either all the moves must be made in a fixed time from 15 to 60 minutes; or the time allotted + 60 times any increment is from 15 to 60 minutes. [...] C1. A blitz game is one where all the moves must be made in a fixed time of less than 15 minutes for each player; or the allotted time + 60 times any increment is less than 15 minutes."
  44. ^ a b Chess Standard Time Controls at Britannica.com Retrieved January 24, 2009
  45. ^ a b Bird, Chris (2009-04-23). "Chess Clocks ... Understanding Time". MonRoi.com. http://www.monroi.com/chess-blog/chess-experts/chris-bird-blog/119-chris-bird-blog/899-chess-clocks-understanding-time.html. Retrieved 2009-10-29.
  46. ^ 2008 World Open chess tournament prizes Retrieved January 24, 2008
  47. ^ History of the World Chess Championship from ChessGames.com - Retrieved January 24, 2008
  48. ^ 2009 Queenstown Chess Classic tournament overview Retrieved January 24, 2008

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